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Alternative energy : sources and systems
2012
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Describes how solar, wind, and other renewable energy technologies are designed and constructed to produce reliable energy. - (Baker & Taylor)

The skyrocketing demand for clean, abundant energy has resulted in a need for comprehensive information that can be used by builders, technicians, energy industry professionals, and anyone else wanting to learn about alternative forms of energy and their everyday uses. With a vast array of information available on the subject, Alternative Energy: Sources & Systems stands out from the crowd as an easy-to-read resource on current, mainstream technologies as well as those on the horizon. This book bridges the gap between overly simplistic information and high-level engineering materials. Instead, Alternative Energy: Sources & Systems serves as a comprehensive guide that explores solar, wind, and other sources, and the technology available to harness them. Readers will gain a better understanding of how these systems work as well as how they are put together. Check out our app, DEWALT Mobile Pro™. This free app is a construction calculator with integrated reference materials and access to hundreds of additional calculations as add-ons. To learn more, visit dewalt.com/mobilepro. - (Cengage Learning)

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Table of Contents

Acknowledgments iv
Foreword v
Preface xiii
UNIT I Solar Energy: Harnessing the Sun's Power
1(106)
Chapter 1 Introduction To Solar Energy
3(14)
A Brief History of Solar Thermal Systems
5(3)
The Feasibility of Solar Thermal Systems
8(4)
Regional Factors
9(2)
Site-Specific Factors
11(1)
Economics and Performance of Solar Thermal Systems
12(5)
Certification and Testing of Solar Collectors and Systems
14(3)
Chapter 2 How Thermal Storage Works
17(16)
Passive Systems
17(4)
Integral Collector Storage Unit(ICS)
18(1)
Thermosyphon Systems
19(2)
Active Systems
21(6)
Open-Loop Systems
23(1)
Closed-Loop Systems
24(1)
Drainback Systems
25(1)
Pressurized and Unpressurized Systems
26(1)
Solar Collectors
27(6)
Flat-Plate Collectors
28(1)
Evacuated-Tube Collectors
29(4)
Chapter 3 Applications For Solar Thermal Storage
33(30)
Solar Thermal System Installation
34(13)
Solar Angles
34(1)
Solar Collector Panel Positioning
35(2)
Mounting the Solar Panel
37(3)
System Piping
40(1)
Expansion Tank
40(2)
Air Vents and Air Separators
42(2)
Pressure-Relief Valves
44(1)
Freeze-Protection Valves
44(1)
Check Valves
45(1)
Pressure and Temperature Gauges
46(1)
Control Strategies for Solar Thermal Systems
47(3)
Filling and Starting Up the System
50(2)
Cleaning and Flushing the System
51(1)
Charging the System
51(1)
Various Applications for Solar Thermal Systems
52(6)
Swimming Pools
52(2)
Hot Tubs and Spas
54(1)
Space Heating
54(1)
Radiant Solar Heating
55(2)
Forced-Air Systems
57(1)
Solar Cooling Applications
58(5)
Chapter 4 How Photovoltaic Panels Work
63(16)
Solar Photovoltaics on an Atomic Level
64(2)
Photovoltaics and Electric Principles
66(2)
Electrical Terminology
66(1)
Types of Electrical Current
67(1)
Photovoltaic Electrical Circuits
68(3)
Series and Parallel Circuits for Power Supplies
69(1)
Series and Parallel Circuits for Electrical Loads
70(1)
Photovoltaic Components
71(8)
PV Batteries
72(2)
PV Controllers
74(2)
PV Inverters
76(3)
Chapter 5 Applications For Photovoltaic Solar Panels
79(28)
Photovoltaic System Configurations
79(4)
Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems
80(1)
Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems
81(2)
Utilizing Solar Resources
83(5)
Site Analysis
85(2)
Load Analysis
87(1)
Photovoltaic System Wiring
88(6)
Wire Types
89(1)
Cables and Conduit
90(1)
Wire Sizing
91(1)
Over-Current Protection
92(2)
Grounding Requirements
94(2)
Installing Photovoltaic Systems
96(6)
Site Evaluation
96(1)
Mounting the PV Modules
96(4)
Battery and Inverter Installation
100(1)
System Wiring
100(2)
Putting It All Together---A Review
102(1)
Maintenance of the PV System
102(5)
UNIT II Wind Energy: Setting Sail for a New Power Alternative
107(54)
Chapter 6 Introduction To Wind Energy
109(12)
A Brief History of Wind Power
109(3)
How a Wind Turbine Works
112(4)
Different Types of Wind Turbines
116(5)
Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines
116(3)
Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines
119(2)
Chapter 7 Considerations For Residential And Light Commercial Wind Turbines
121(22)
Model Selection
121(7)
Rotor Diameter and Sweep Area
122(1)
Tower-Top Turbine Weight
123(1)
Cut-in Wind Speed
124(1)
Rated Wind Speed
124(1)
Rated Output
124(1)
Peak Output
125(1)
Annual Energy Output
125(1)
RPM at Rated Output
125(1)
Generator Type
126(1)
Governing System
126(1)
Shut-Down Mechanism
127(1)
Controls
127(1)
Warranty
127(1)
Wind Quantity Considerations
128(2)
Zoning Considerations
130(2)
Correct Sizing
132(1)
Connecting to the Local Utility Grid
132(5)
Basic Grid Connection
132(2)
Grid-Connected Wind Turbine with Battery Backup
134(2)
Connecting a Wind Turbine and Backup Generator
136(1)
Following the National Electric Code
137(1)
Installation and Maintenance Issues
137(6)
Installing the Tower
138(2)
Performing Routine Maintenance
140(3)
Chapter 8 Introduction To Large-Scale Wind Turbines
143(18)
The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Wind Turbine
144(2)
Integral Controls
146(2)
Analog Points
147(1)
Digital Points
147(1)
Proper Site Selection
148(2)
Roughness of the Terrain
148(1)
Wind Conditions and Wind Shear
148(2)
Wind Obstacles
150(1)
Construction and Installation
150(3)
Electrical Connections
152(1)
Safety Practices for Large-Scale Wind Turbines
153(2)
Wind Turbine Maintenance
155(6)
Scheduled Maintenance
155(1)
Alignment Issues
156(1)
Grid Connections
157(1)
Gearbox Maintenance
157(4)
UNIT III Geothermal: Using the Earth to Heat and Cool Our World
161(74)
Chapter 9 How A Geothermal System Works
163(14)
The Geothermal Refrigeration System
165(12)
The Compressor
165(4)
The Condenser
169(2)
The Metering Device
171(3)
The Evaporator
174(1)
The Four-Way Reversing Valve
175(2)
Chapter 10 Types And Configurations Of Geothermal Loops
177(22)
Open-Loop Water Quality Considerations
178(2)
Determining Proper Water Quantity in the Open-Loop Well
180(3)
Open-Loop Configurations
183(4)
Conventional Drilled Well
184(1)
Utilizing a Return Well
184(1)
Standing Column
185(1)
Dry Well Systems
186(1)
Pressure Tanks
187(1)
Closed-Loop Configurations
188(11)
Vertical Loops
188(2)
Horizontal Loops
190(3)
Slinky Loops
193(1)
Pond Loops
194(2)
Domestic Hot Water Loop
196(3)
Chapter 11 Proper Sizing Procedures For Geothermal Applications
199(22)
Load Calculations
199(1)
Heat Loss Calculations
199(8)
Transmission Losses
202(2)
Infiltration Losses
204(2)
Ventilation Losses
206(1)
Duct Losses
207(1)
Heat Gain Calculation
207(3)
Calculating Solar Gain
208(1)
Calculating Internal Gains
209(1)
Calculating Latent Heat Gains
209(1)
Duct Sizing
210(6)
Air Distribution Systems
211(1)
Calculating CFM Values
212(1)
Select and Locate Air Distribution Devices
213(1)
Sizing Ductwork
214(1)
Calculate System Pressure Losses
215(1)
Equipment Selection
216(2)
Loop Sizing
218(3)
Chapter 12 Installation And Start-Up Of Geothermal Systems
221(14)
Installation Practices
221(8)
Accessibility and Location
221(1)
Duct Connections
221(2)
Electrical Connections
223(1)
Drain Connections
223(1)
Ground Loop Connections
224(3)
System Airflow
227(1)
Refrigeration Considerations
227(2)
Start-up Procedures
229(1)
Start-up Procedure Checklist
230(1)
Additional Geothermal Heat Pump Applications
230(5)
Water-to-Water Heat Pumps
231(4)
UNIT IV Biomass: Utilizing Wood, Corn, and Pellets as Heating Fuels
235
Chapter 13 Using Biomass As A Heating Source
237(10)
Introduction
237(1)
Sources of Biomass for Heat
237(10)
Wood Characteristics
238(3)
Characteristics of Corn
241(1)
Wood Pellets
242(3)
Miscellaneous Sources of Heat
245(2)
Chapter 14 Applications For Biomass Burners
247
Different Types of Installations
247(1)
Wood, Corn, and Pellet Stoves
247
Stove Combustion Design
249(1)
Catalytic and Noncatalytic Stoves
250(1)
Corn and Pellet Stoves
251(1)
Installation
252(1)
Clearances
253(1)
The Stovepipe
253

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